MAKALAH
PEREKONOMIAN INDONESIA
“Perdagangan Luar Negeri”
Disusun
Oleh:
Nama :
Dara Harum A ( 21215596 )
Lisa Oktaviani (
23215848 )
Rachelcy Gracia ( 25215486 )
Kelas : 1EB21
FAKULTAS EKONOMI AKUNTANSI
UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA
ATA 2015/2016
Dosen .Nicky Handayani
CHAPTER 1
DISCUSSION
A.
THEORIES OF
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
1. Absolute
Advantage Theory (Absolute Advantage)
This theory
was put forward by Adam Smith is often called pure theory of trade. The
rationale for this theory is that a country will specialize on the production
of their goods that absolutely have the advantage. Then export the goods (which
is an excess or surplus to requirements and consumption in the country) to its
trading partners. So, this theory emphasizes that the efficiency in the use of
production factors such as labor in the production process will determine the
advantages or the competitiveness of the country concerned. Keungggulan level
is measured based on the value of labor that are homogeneous.
2. Theory of
Comparative Advantage (Comparative Advantage)
The issue of
the absolute advantage of Adam Smith is that international trade would happen
if the countries involved mutually beneficial, and according to Adam Smith,
this can only happen if each country has a different absolute advantage.
Implications if the Republic of Indonesia has an absolute advantage over the
United States for fabrics and television, means that Indonesia export both
types of goods to the United States, the trade between the two countries will
not happen because only Indonesia that will benefit (benefits). It is not
thought of by Adam Smith, and this is the main weakness of the theory.
Then came
the thought of John S. Mill and David Ricardo, the so-called theory of
comparative advantage (the theory of comparative costs) which can be regarded
as a criticism and at the same time the business improvement or repair to the
theory of absolute advantage. Rationale Ricardo and Mill on the causes of
interstate commerce in principle no different with the basic ideas of Adam
Smith. The only difference is in the way of measuring the benefits of a state,
which is seen comparative costs, not the absolute difference. J.S Mill assumes
that a country will specialize in the export of certain goods if the country
has the greatest comparative advantage and import of certain goods would be if
the country has a comparative disadvantage or lowest comparative advantage. The
rationale of David Ricardo is trade between the two countries will occur when
each country has the smallest relative costs (labor productivity is relatively
large) for different types of goods. Thus, Ricardo emphasis on efficiency or productivity
relative difference between countries in producing two or more types of goods
which become the basis of the international trade.
3. Theory of H-O
3. Theory of H-O
Theory Heckscher and Ohlin (H-O) has
two important conditions as the basis of the rise of international trade,
namely the availability of production factors and the intensity in the use of
production factors, or the proportion of production factors. Therefore, the
theory of H-O is often also called the theory of proportions or the
availability of production factors. Different products require different
amounts or proportions of the factors of production. The difference is caused
by the technology that determines how to combine the factors of production are
different to make a product
B.
Exports Indonesia
The achievement
of a high national export growth was also accompanied by an increasing share of
emerging market countries as export destinations. Increased exports and more
conducive various macroeconomic variables contribute to the high growth in
investment performance. lklim improved investment is supported by financing
from within and outside the country increased so as to encourage the
realization of investments grew faster for the strong demand.
The position of
Indonesia's exports in the first half of 2010 was higher than the increase of
world exports, which is about 45 per cent from the same period the previous
year. Furthermore, the total exports in 2010 amounted to US $ 157.7 billion,
the highest record in the history of Indonesian exports, up 35 percent compared
to exports in 2009 only amounted to US $ 116.5 billion. Non-oil exports in 2010
reached a record high of US $ 129.7 billion, an increase of 33.02 percent
compared to 2009, which means a 3.5-fold above the target RPJM by 7 persen8,5
percent. Non-oil exports in December 2010 reached a record high for monthly
exports amounted to US $ 13.5 billion, up 24.6 percent compared to December
2009.
The average monthly non-oil exports increased compared to 2009 amounted to US $ 9.0 billion to $ 10.8 billion in 2010. The increase is likely to continue to rise, along with the stimulation of the economy and investment in the country to accelerate the development of non-oil exports Indonesia.
The average monthly non-oil exports increased compared to 2009 amounted to US $ 9.0 billion to $ 10.8 billion in 2010. The increase is likely to continue to rise, along with the stimulation of the economy and investment in the country to accelerate the development of non-oil exports Indonesia.
Contribution of
non-oil exports average of 2010 against total exports of Indonesia is very high
at 82.22 percent, higher than the average contribution of oil and gas exports
in 2010 only amounted to 17.78 percent. Indonesia's export performance is
currently experiencing diversification with the recent rise in exports of
non-oil products, not only the main product but other products. Strengthening
non-oil exports during 2010 was driven by increased exports from all sectors.
Compared with the same period the previous year, the highest increase occurred
in the mining sector, which rose by 35.36 per cent followed by an increase in
exports in the industrial sector amounted to 33.47 percent, 14.90 percent
increase in agriculture and in other sectors amounted to -8.33 percent.
The share of
non-oil exports and oil exports during 2004-2010 despite fluctuating but showed
a rising trend. The average share of non-oil exports during the last 5 years is
in the range of 80 percent. The trend is non-oil exports will remain stable and
need to be maintained on the acquisition value of the average share.
Most non-oil
export commodities experienced price increases were quite high, such as
petroleum, palm oil and coal. This of course affects the value of Indonesian
exports, especially non-oil exports whose value increased sharply. Exports of
palm oil and rubber, each of which reached US $ 16.3 billion and US $ 9.4
billion, has approached oil and gas exports in 2010 were recorded at US $ 28
billion.
The cumulative
value of exports from January to December 2010 reached US $ 157.73 billion, an
increase of 35.38 percent compared to exports to the same period of 2009, while
non-oil exports reached US $ 129.68 billion, an increase of 33.02 percent. When
viewed by sector, exports of industrial products in January-December 2010
increased by 33.47 percent over the same period in 2009, as well as exports of
agricultural products rose 14.90 percent and exports of mining products and
other products rose 35.34 percent.
|
Eksports
|
2006
|
2007
|
2008
|
2009
|
2010
|
||
|
Migas
|
21209,5
|
22 088,6
|
29126,3
|
19018,3
|
28039,6
|
||
|
Crude Oil
|
8168,8
|
9 226,0
|
12418,8
|
7820,3
|
10403
|
||
|
Result Oil
|
2 843,7
|
2 878,8
|
3 547,0
|
2 262,3
|
3%7,2
|
||
|
Gas
|
10 197,0
|
9983,8
|
13160,5
|
8 935,7
|
13 669,4
|
||
|
Non Oil
|
79 589,1
|
92 012,3
|
107 894,1
|
97 491,7
|
129739,5
|
||
|
Agricultural Sector
|
3 364,9
|
3657,8
|
4 584,6
|
4352,8
|
5 001,9
|
||
|
Industri Sector
|
65 023,9
|
76460,8
|
88 393,4
|
73435,8
|
98015,1
|
||
|
Mines and others sector
|
11200,3
|
11893,7
|
14916,1
|
19 703,1
|
26 722,5
|
||
C.
The level of Foreign Trade
Competitiveness Indonesia
Competitiveness is one of
the criteria that determine the success of a country in international trade.
Based on world competitiveness rating agencies, IMDWorld Competitiveness
Yearbook 2006, Indonesia's competitiveness in a few years has declined.
IMDWorld Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY) is a report on the competitiveness of
nations, published since 1989.
In 2000, Indonesia's
competitiveness was ranked 43 out of 49 countries. In 2001 Indonesia's
competitiveness has declined, which was ranked 46. Subsequently, in 2002 the
position of competitiveness still occupy the bottom position, which is ranked
47. Then, in 2003, the position of its competitiveness even getting worse,
which was ranked 57. In 2004 occupied 58. In 2005, Indonesia ranked position
58. In 2006 Indonesia has occupied position 60.
Over the last five years
(2005-2009) Indonesia's export growth is likely to increase by 20% per year, as
well as import growth is likely to increase by 9.7% per year. In 2009 Indonesia
was ranked 29th in world exports and 28th position in world imports. During
2009, the industrial sector accounted for 75.3%, mining 20.2% and agriculture
4.5% of the total Indonesian exports. State which is a major Indonesian Trade
partners are Japan, the United States Singapore, China and India
Indonesia has made steady
progress in the implementation of trade reforms in recent years and it is one
of several factors that helps the development of employment in the formal
sector, reducing the poverty rate and develop intermediate level of the
Indonesian population. Moreover, Indonesia is more fortunate than many of its
neighbors with the world successfully through the financial crisis relatively
smoothly.
This provides a unique
opportunity for Indonesia's post-crisis increase domestic sales and market
share world. To seize this opportunity as well as possible, Indonesia must
continue to push for reform of trade and avoid protectionism that would hinder
the efficiency and innovation. Besides Indonesia, only Hong Kong and China who
in 2010 managed to restore the value of international trade to the absolute
level of the pre-financial crisis world.
Although export growth is
resource-based commodities rose sharply, Indonesia recorded only limited progress
in increasing the export of manufacturing products and processed. Indonesian
producers have raised concerns about their competitiveness against low-cost
producers, both domestically and in foreign markets. The decline in the growth
of manufacturing and recedes share of manufacturing exports also raised
questions regarding the competitiveness of the manufacturing sector in
Indonesia.
One area of trade
weighed so that reduce the competitiveness of Indonesian products compared to
imported products overseas is the low level of trade relations Indonesia as a
result of poor logistics system. Trade relations is an issue that challenges
are different depending on whether the barriers affecting international trade
relations, inter-island or the island. The high cost of transportation of goods
of high value such as shrimp from the eastern hemisphere Indonesia to
processing centers on the island of Java inflate their prices to a point that
is too expensive to be exported, and also cheaper to import citrus fruits from
China rather than sending it from the island of Borneo to the island Java.
Those are some examples of poor efficiency in inter-island trade.
Examples of the high cost
of logistics in the island including the severity of congestion on the island
of Java, especially in Greater Jakarta, and the poor quality of the road
outside the island of Java, which altogether put the cost of land
transportation in Indonesia is higher than the average cost in Asia. Poor
performance of the main ports in Jakarta and Surabaya, due to the low
productivity of the port and not the full application of the National Single
Window (NSW), also impede international trade relations.
The high cost and
uncertainty of the domestic transport links also hinder Indonesia for more
integrated into the production network inventory-minimal (just-in-time) the
products are of high value. Licensing and prices regulated by the government
reduced the incentive to invest in better services and to limit competition
between firms land and sea shipping in the country. Restrictions on foreign
investment in logistics worsen the situation with limited access to new
technologies.
While Indonesia has made
progress in increasing the level of efficiency of port and customs, still
needed further improvement. The average waiting time of import containers in
the main container terminal is five days, compared to less than three days at
most ports in the region. Import empty containers completed less than half the
length of time it takes a full container, showed that most of the delays caused
by border control and inspection procedures and not because of inadequate
infrastructure.
Administrative procedures
are burdensome and unclear also contributed to the delay in the import and
invite corruption, thus reducing the competitiveness of industries that use
imported components. Moreover, although Indonesia has a very open economy in
terms of tariff, non-tariff impediments her remains meaningful and there has
been a worrying increase in non-tariff impediments such.
CHAPTER II
CASE STUDY AND ANALYSIS
One of the cases that occurred between members of the
WTO case between Korea and Indonesia, where Korea has accused Indonesia of
dumping woodfree copy paper to the South so that Indonesia suffered substantial
losses. The allegations led to the South Korean government wearing anti-dumping
duties (BMAD) by 2.8 percent to 8.22 percent as of 7 November 2003, and as a
result of the alleged dumping exports in losses. Export woodfree copy paper
Indonesia to South Korea, which in 2002 reached 102 million US dollars, fell in
2003 to $ 67 million.
Therefore, Indonesia must do their best to counter
dumping cases, this case started when the paper industry of Korea filed a
petition against dumping of 16 kinds of paper products Indonesia, among others
belonging to the uncoated paper and paperboard used for writing and printing or
other grafic purpose paper products Indonesia to the Korean Trade Commission
(KTC) on 30 september 2002 and on 9 may 2003, KTC regarding Anti Dumping Duty
(BMAD) while with the amount of paper mill PT Tjiwi Kimia Tbk amounted to
51.61%, PT Pindo Deli 11.65 %, PT Indah Kiat 0.52%, April Pine and others
amounted to 2.80%. However, on 7 November 2003 BM KTC lowered anti-dumping
against Indonesian paper products to South Korea with the provisions of paper
mill PT Tjiwi Kimia Tbk, PT Pindo Deli and PT Indah Kiat was reduced by 8.22%
for April Pine funds and others 2.80%. And Indonesia complained about the
problem to the WTO dated June 4, 2004 and request bilateral consultations, but
consultations are carried out on July 7, 2004 failed to reach an agreement.
Accordingly, Indonesia requested the Dispute
Settlement Board (Dispute Settlement Body / DSB) World Trade Organization (WTO)
established the Panel and after going through the processes of examination, the
DSB of the WTO granted and approved the lawsuit Indonesia against the violation
of the determination of the agreement on anti-dumping WTO in wearing action
antidumping against Indonesian paper products. DSB panel assessing Korea had
made a mistake in an attempt to prove the existence of dumping of paper
products from Indonesia and that Korea erred in determining that the Korean
domestic industry suffered losses due to the dumping practices of Indonesian
paper products.
Analysis:
We analyze that
Indonesia had taken a great way and we agree about that. And we feel grateful
because Indonesia won the case. Ya sometimes people make mistake so does South
Korea too. We hope next time there will be no same mistake again.
References:
BalasHapusbagus sekali,trimakasih infonya ,sukses selalu.